第28章 rubbing 拓本
The Classics
Despite the “bibliocaust“ in which the first emperor of the Qin dynasty (r. 221–210 BCE) burned books other than legal and essential professional texts， many works of pre-Qin literature survive， thanks to their preservation in those historical works that were spared burning. The designation of select texts as “classics“ images promoted the prestige of these early writings. These classics evolved through the accretion of mentaries， most of which interpreted earlier texts in order to legitimate given rulers or political orientations.
【知识点】
bibliocaust「名词」秦始皇的“焚书”政策
司马迁所着《史记》中《秦始皇本纪》记载：公元前213年（秦统一中国的第八年），丞相李斯建议“请史官非秦记皆烧之。非博士官所职，天下敢有藏《诗》、《书》、百家语者，悉诣守、尉杂等烧之。”秦始皇同意了李斯的建议并颁布了法令“挟书律”，直到公元前191年才被汉朝汉惠帝废除。
r.「历史文献常见标注」在位、执政（用来提示读者：这里的年份并非人物在世的时间，而是在位时间）
legitimate「名词」使合法化，使可接受
《尚书》：儒家五经之一，由一位叫做伏生的孔门弟子冒着被灭族的危险藏起来阅读，后汉文帝派人找到他，他再复述出来的。汉武帝当政时，他的叔叔刘余拆毁了孔子的宅院，才发现了墙壁中藏有的许多古籍，其中包括这部《尚书》。
Since the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) the “Five Classics“ refer to a divination manual， the Classic of Changes 易经; the oldest anthology of poems， the Classic of Poetry 诗经; a collection of speeches and decrees， the Classic of Documents 书经; a historical chronicle， the Springs and Autumns 春秋; and three handbooks of rules for behavior named together as the Ritual 礼. Thanks to the invention of paper (second century BCE)， these classics were carved in stone to produce rubbings and memorized by almost all educated Chinese.
rubbing「名词」拓本（在汉代发明造纸术以前，中国古代文献基本上以竹简和丝绢作为文本载体。竹简笨重而易受虫蛀，蚕丝做成的丝绢轻便但又十分昂贵。中国的经典文本真正脱离精英官员阶层的垄断，始于宋代发明印刷术，让纸质书的传播力度大幅提升。）
divination manual「短语」占卜指南（即《易经》）
A broader sense of authoritative writings came with the fourth-century division of texts into four main categories. This taxonomy made classics primary and history secondary， followed by the “masters“(thinkers later called philosophers)， and collections of belles lettres. Rich in aphorisms， lively dialogues， fables and anecdotes， texts in the “masters“ category were usually posites of later date that collected a given masters dialogues with disciples or opponents. The rubric also included professional medical， military， and religious texts， including the Daoist and Buddhist canons. Texts that would later be labeled fiction did not generally merit inclusion in any of these categories， all centrally concerned with conveying the Way.
经（classics）：指儒家经典
史（history）：包括官方的二十四史、通鉴、纪年史等
子（masters）：包括诸子百家及佛教、道家的书籍
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